Comprehensive reference table of elementary particles including mass, energy levels, and maximum velocities. Features both confirmed Standard Model particles and theoretical particles like gravitons and tachyons.
| Particle | Category | Rest Mass (MeV/c²) | Typical Energy | Maximum Speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up Quark (u) | Fermion | 2.2 ± 0.5 | ~GeV scale | < c | Most common quark, +2/3 charge |
| Down Quark (d) | Fermion | 4.7 ± 0.5 | ~GeV scale | < c | Second most common quark, -1/3 charge |
| Charm Quark (c) | Fermion | 1275 ± 25 | ~GeV scale | < c | Second generation, +2/3 charge |
| Strange Quark (s) | Fermion | 95 ± 5 | ~GeV scale | < c | Second generation, -1/3 charge |
| Top Quark (t) | Fermion | 173,100 ± 600 | ~100 GeV | < c | Heaviest known particle, +2/3 charge |
| Bottom Quark (b) | Fermion | 4180 ± 30 | ~GeV scale | < c | Third generation, -1/3 charge |
| Electron (e⁻) | Fermion | 0.511 | keV to MeV | < c | Stable charged lepton |
| Electron Neutrino (νₑ) | Fermion | < 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ | eV to MeV | ≈ c | Nearly massless, travels at ~c |
| Muon (μ⁻) | Fermion | 105.66 | MeV scale | < c | Heavy electron, τ = 2.2 μs |
| Muon Neutrino (νμ) | Fermion | < 0.17 | MeV to GeV | ≈ c | Second generation neutrino |
| Tau (τ⁻) | Fermion | 1776.86 | GeV scale | < c | Heaviest lepton, τ = 0.29 ps |
| Tau Neutrino (ντ) | Fermion | < 15.5 | GeV scale | ≈ c | Third generation neutrino |
| Photon (γ) | Boson | 0 | eV to TeV | c | Massless, electromagnetic force carrier |
| W Boson (W±) | Boson | 80,379 ± 12 | ~80 GeV | < c | Weak force carrier, charged |
| Z Boson (Z⁰) | Boson | 91,188 ± 2 | ~91 GeV | < c | Weak force carrier, neutral |
| Gluon (g) | Boson | 0 | MeV to GeV | c* | Strong force carrier, confined |
| Higgs Boson (H) | Boson | 125,100 ± 140 | ~125 GeV | < c | Mass-giving mechanism |
| Graviton | Theoretical | 0 (predicted) | Variable | c | Hypothetical gravity force carrier |
| Axion | Theoretical | 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻³ | μeV to meV | ≈ c | Dark matter candidate |
| Neutralino | Theoretical | 100 to 1000 | GeV scale | < c | SUSY dark matter candidate |
| Tachyon | Theoretical | Imaginary | Variable | > c | Hypothetical faster-than-light particle |
| Magnetic Monopole | Theoretical | 10¹⁶ GeV (GUT) | Extremely high | < c | Single magnetic pole |
| Sterile Neutrino | Theoretical | eV to keV | eV to keV | < c | Right-handed neutrino |
| WIMP | Theoretical | > 9 GeV/c² (constrained) | GeV to TeV | < c (non-relativistic) | Leading dark matter candidate, no detection above 9 GeV/c² (LZ 2024) |